Blockchain development and smart contracts

Learn blockchain development with practical Crypto Loop Academy guides, clear explanations and source-linked references.

• Accounts, signatures and transaction boundaries

  Understanding how accounts, signatures and transaction boundaries work is central to building safer blockchain applications. This article explains public and private keys, EIP-712 typed-data domains, chain separation, nonces, replay protection, recovery patterns and the practical limits developer…

• The EVM: state, gas and execution

  The EVM looks simple from the outside: a transaction enters, code runs, and state changes if execution succeeds. Underneath, however, the machine is tightly constrained by state models, memory layouts, calldata encoding, gas accounting, and rollback rules. This article explains how those pieces f…

• Smart-contract design around invariants

  Smart-contract design around invariants

• Testing contracts beyond the happy path

  A practical guide to testing smart contracts outside the happy path, with emphasis on where each test type helps, where it can mislead, and how to combine tests for stronger coverage.

• Oracles: external facts inside consensus

  Oracles: external facts inside consensus

• Building a wallet connection that respects users

  A respectful wallet connection is not just a technical handshake. It is a set of choices that preserve user control, make permissions explicit, and limit what an application can do by default. This article explains how to design around EIP-1193, handle account and chain changes carefully, preview…

• Token approvals and permission design

  Token approvals and permission design

• Indexers, RPC providers and missing events

  How indexers and RPC providers can miss events, and how to design for reorgs, pagination, log deduplication, block checkpoints, at-least-once processing, finality, and RPC quorum.

• Upgrades, governance and hidden trust

  Upgrades, governance and hidden trust

• From testnet prototype to production decision

  Moving a blockchain application from testnet to mainnet is not a simple switch. The decision should rest on a threat model, repeatable deployment steps, observable operations, dependency control, incident playbooks, and a formal go/no-go gate that can be defended after the fact.